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Could spin large amounts of fine, strong thread Could only spin coarse, strong thread Spinning mule (Samuel Compton) Invented 1780 Needed much more power than single operator could provide - Water-powered 6-24 spindles on sliding carriage Water frame (Richard Arkwright) Invented 1769 Increased pressures on supply of thread Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves) Invented 1764

Disputes over how much was given - spinners and weavers sometimes kept some but hard for merchants to proveģ. Inefficient for merchant - if spinner finished in two days but merchant not picking up until third, weaver can't start weaving and process is at a standstillĢ. Merchants sent thread to weavers, who gave back cloth (same arrangement) Problems with the putting-out system 1. Spinners returned finished products to merchant in pre-chosen amount of time (timing up to workers as long as they finished on time)Ĥ. Spinners processed raw materials at homeģ. Merchant loaned ("put-out") raw materialsĢ. More land in hands of one person so get a lot more scientific farming → larger crop yields Putting-out system (cottage industry) Process:ġ. Now enclosure laws - allow landowners to fence off common land, previously illegal Previously: one person owned substantial amount of land but rented out a lot of it and there was a lot of common lands, open fields and ppl could farm all of the land they were responsible for Pushed a lot of peasants off land - go to cities looking for work → lots of ppl in cities looking for jobs that creates labor force that eventually work in factories Spikes on front measured to make holes all the same and allowed for larger yield and was more efficient What caused the enclosure movement? Could now use more land and easier to convince one person to implement scientific farming than many people, put premium on owning large tracts of land and farming all of it Enclosure movement Starts in early 1700s Townsend found different crops behaved differentlyīy rotating different crops can produce more and have more varied crops Seed drill (Jethro Tull) Allowed farmers to sew seeds into well-spaced rows and mechanized depth of rows 3 field system divided field in 3 - used 2 to farm and let other regenerate (but ⅓ completely unused) If farm same land over and over again, crops wear out soil coal) from one part to the other had to pay tariff each time passed thru a different state - very costly to bring coal from one part of the country to another Scientific farming Application of new technology such as the seed drill, crop rotation, and fertilization to the agricultural industry Crop rotation (Charles "Turnip" Townsend) Ineffectiveness of 3 field system Germany had lots of coal and iron, but divided into 39 separate states after Congress of Vienna and each of them had their own trade policies so to get goods (ex. Much of coal in France in southern part - hard to get thereĤ. England running out of land, but France didn't have that issue - agricultural system still doing well, not as much push into cities as in Britainģ. France also lacked natural resources - not as much iron, coal as Britainģ. Violent French Revolution → many inventors left France and country recovering from turmoilĢ.

Britain's political stability at onset of Industrial Revolution No war fought on British soil in a long time, ppl more likely to feel comfortable investing How did Britain's stable banking system help begin the Industrial Revolution? Trustworthy access to credit - people more likely to invest Why did the Industrial Revolution NOT begin in Continental Europe? 1.